Journal: Frontiers in Microbiology

Article Title: Vanillin Promotes the Germination of Antrodia camphorata Arthroconidia through PKA and MAPK Signaling Pathways

doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.02048

Figure Lengend Snippet: Effect of compounds from C. kanehira, C. camphor , and A. camphorata as well as their analogs on the germination of A. camphorata arthroconidia. (A) Heatmap showing germination growth rate of the arthroconidia after 24 h of incubation with candidate compounds in 96-well microplates. CK, Cinnamomum kanehirae ; CC, C. camphora ; FB, fruiting bodies of A. camphorata ; SmF, submerged fermentation of A. camphorata ; SSF, solid-state fermentation of A. camphorata ; (B) Effects of positive and negative regulators (10 μmol/L) and their synergistic effects on the germination of arthroconidia after 24 h of incubation in 500-mL shaking flasks; (C) Germination rate of vanillin- and 1-octen-3-ol-treated arthroconidia after 24 h of incubation in 500-mL shaking flasks through concentration scale (0.1–100 μmol/L). (D) Germination process of the arthroconidia treated with vanillin (25 μmol/L) or 1-octen-3-ol (25 μmol/L) in 500-mL shaking flasks. Columns marked with different letters possess values of significantly difference ( P < 0.05).

Article Snippet: All the candidate compounds from C. kanehira, C. camphor , and fruiting bodies and mycelia of A. camphorata (Figure ) were purchased from Sinopharm Chemical Reagent Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China).

Techniques: Incubation, Concentration Assay

Journal: Frontiers in Microbiology

Article Title: Vanillin Promotes the Germination of Antrodia camphorata Arthroconidia through PKA and MAPK Signaling Pathways

doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.02048

Figure Lengend Snippet: Growth rate of the expression levels of 61 germination-related proteins in A. camphorata arthroconidia by iTRAQ-based proteomic analysis. Growth rate of the expression level of specific gene was calculated according to the following equation: [(% expression level of gene in compound-treated group/% expression level in control (or ethanol-treated) group)−1] × 100. Ctl, control group of non-germinated arthroconida; Eth, ethanol-treated arthroconidia after 24 h of incubation; Van, vanillin-treated arthroconidia after 24 h of incubation; Oct, 1-octen-3-ol-treated arthroconidia after 24 h of incubation.

Article Snippet: All the candidate compounds from C. kanehira, C. camphor , and fruiting bodies and mycelia of A. camphorata (Figure ) were purchased from Sinopharm Chemical Reagent Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China).

Techniques: Expressing, Multiplex sample analysis, Control, Incubation

Journal: Frontiers in Microbiology

Article Title: Vanillin Promotes the Germination of Antrodia camphorata Arthroconidia through PKA and MAPK Signaling Pathways

doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.02048

Figure Lengend Snippet: Proposed protein kinase A (PKA) and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathways relating to the germination of A . camphorata arthroconidia. Both G protein-coupled receptor (seven transmembrane receptor) and non-receptor RIC8 (guanine nucleotide exchange factor) might be capable of activating GanB(α)-SfaD(β) dimer, thereby might lead to GDP-GTP exchange on the Gα protein. Active Gα-GTP further might trigger cAMP/PKA signaling by separating from CyaA subunit and activating adenylate cyclase, which might be responsible for cAMP synthesis. cAMP binding to the regulatory subunit of PKA might cause its dissociation from the catalytic subunit (PKAc).

Article Snippet: All the candidate compounds from C. kanehira, C. camphor , and fruiting bodies and mycelia of A. camphorata (Figure ) were purchased from Sinopharm Chemical Reagent Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China).

Techniques: Protein-Protein interactions, Binding Assay

Journal: Frontiers in Microbiology

Article Title: Vanillin Promotes the Germination of Antrodia camphorata Arthroconidia through PKA and MAPK Signaling Pathways

doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.02048

Figure Lengend Snippet: RT-qPCR analysis of the mRNA expression of genes which might relate to the germination of A. camphorata arthroconidia. (A) gapA, ras2, cdc42, pmr1, cmk1 , and pakA ; (B) sfaD, cyaA, pkaA, cre1, rasA , and ganB . The 18S rRNA gene of A. camphorata was used as an internal reference, and non-germinated arthroconidia (0 h) was used as control. Data were presented as mean ± SD . Inter-group statistical differences of the relative expression level of a specific gene were evaluated with Tukey's multiple-range test. P < 0.05 were considered statistically significant. Columns marked with different letters in a treatment group possess values of significantly difference ( P < 0.05).

Article Snippet: All the candidate compounds from C. kanehira, C. camphor , and fruiting bodies and mycelia of A. camphorata (Figure ) were purchased from Sinopharm Chemical Reagent Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China).

Techniques: Quantitative RT-PCR, Expressing, Control